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1、 What are the contents usually checked in the laboratory? Laboratory tests mainly include biological, physical, and chemical examinations
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1、 What are the contents usually checked in the laboratory?
Laboratory tests mainly include biological, physical, and chemical examinations. Biological testing also includes microbiology and parasitology, which determine the pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases, respectively. Physical and chemical tests are used to determine the physical and chemical factors of diseases caused by poisoning or metabolism.
(1) Microbial examination.
Smear microscopy of pathogens: For certain pathogens with characteristic morphology, such as Aspergillus, Pasteurella, and Staphylococcus, smear specimen examination is required, and microscopy is performed on specific tissues and organs with obvious lesions. Make a preliminary diagnosis based on this.
It is relatively easy to come into direct contact with the diseased substance or undergo smear microscopy, but due to the small amount of bacteria, it is usually difficult to observe. If possible, culture medium should be injected into the affected area and confirmed with the culture medium. In this way, not only can you observe a large number of bacteria, but you can also identify them based on the size, shape, and color of the cultured bacterial colonies.
Isolation, cultivation, and identification: using artificial cultivation methods such as chicken embryos, tissue culture, and artificial medium culture to isolate pathogens, and further performing the morphology, cultivation characteristics, and biochemical properties of the isolated pathogens. Testing, animal vaccination, and serological testing for accurate identification.
Animal inoculation experiment: Inoculate isolated or suspected disease substances into sensitive experimental animals and diagnose them based on their clinical symptoms and pathological changes.
Serological diagnosis: Serological diagnosis uses specific reactions between antigens and antibodies to diagnose diseases. This method has high specificity and sensitivity. The use of known antigens or antibodies to detect unknown antibodies or antigens is an important diagnostic method for infectious diseases. Common serological methods include aggregation reaction, agar diffusion reaction, neutralization test, and immunofluorescence antibody technology.
(2) Parasitic examination. Parasites in chickens, such as cocci, trichomonas, roundworms, and banded worms, mainly infect the gastrointestinal tract. Eggs, egg sacs, parasites, and larvae are usually excreted from feces, so feces are collected for direct coating. Observe under a microscope using methods such as centrifugal precipitation of floating eggs, saturated saline suspension of eggs, and washing precipitation.
(3) Organizational pathological examination. Some tissues and organs of diseases have typical lesions, such as Marek's disease, leukemia, and inclusion hepatitis. These lesions can be selected and confirmed through routine histopathological examination.
(4) Physical and chemical examination. Mainly toxicology testing. The preliminary diagnosis of toxic diseases in chickens can be based on clinical symptoms, necrotic changes, and investigation of the causes, but the diagnosis is based on different testing methods, depending on the type of poultry poisoning, such as pesticides, feed, and drugs. Conduct laboratory testing.
2、 Basic Introduction to the Laboratory
The country has invested heavily in dual laboratories because they are places for conducting experiments and producing science and technology.
Introduce the world-renowned laboratories of the 20th century
In the 20th century, various physics laboratories emerged and actively carried out research activities. Laboratories are the birthplace of science and the foundation of scientific research. Here are some leading physics laboratories that have played or have played an important role in scientific development, and some introductions have been made.
The first type is established in universities and installed in university laboratories. In addition to the Cavendish Institute at the University of Cambridge in the UK, there are many other institutions such as the Physics Institute at Moscow University, the Low Temperature Institute at Leiden University in the Netherlands, and Jefferson Physics at Harvard University in the United States. Lawrence Radiation Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Physics, University of Manchester, UK. Most of them are based on basic research, each with their own profession.
3、 Professional laboratory construction
The purpose of calibration or testing is in the laboratory. There are two types of laboratories. One is a testing laboratory for testing product quality, safety, or performance, and the other is a testing laboratory for calibrating measuring equipment and measuring devices. This is a calibration laboratory. The term 'professional laboratory' is not strict because not all laboratories belong to the professional field. Therefore, there are two interpretations for specialized laboratories.
Its characteristic is the laboratory attribute. A specialized laboratory is an independent organization dedicated to calibration or testing, and does not perform any other work other than calibration or testing, such as manufacturing, manufacturing, operation, or sales.
It is called a specialized laboratory (quality inspection agency, laboratory, workstations in various places, etc.). On the contrary, non independent laboratories affiliated with manufacturing, operation, or sales organizations are associated with specialized laboratories (such as manufacturing company laboratories), even if the equipment and testing capabilities of the two laboratories are the same.
The power distribution project in the laboratory is designed according to the specific requirements of laboratory equipment and devices, and is designed by professional designers through comprehensive elements that are significantly different from ordinary buildings. This is because as long as the requirements for maximum voltage and maximum power are met, the requirements for experimental equipment in the circuit are more complex than commonly believed. In fact, many devices and equipment have special circuit requirements (such as electrostatic grounding, power failure protection, etc.).
During the project construction process, it was found that most users did not fully consider the special requirements of laboratory power supply in the early stages of laboratory design and construction. Some users and design units even believe that laboratory power consumption is the same as that of a regular office. . This has brought many problems to future laboratory operations.
When designing and allocating projects, not only should existing equipment and facilities be considered, but also the laboratory's several year development plan. Carefully consider the retention issues of the power distribution project and future circuit maintenance issues.
4、 The role of the laboratory
This research institute is the birthplace of science, the foundation of scientific research, and the source of scientific and technological development. Dao plays a very important role in the development of science and technology. According to ownership, laboratories can be divided into three categories.
The first category is laboratories belonging to universities or managed by universities.
The second type of laboratory is domestic institutions, some even international institutions.
The third type of laboratory comes directly from the industrial enterprise sector and is very useful for the development and research of industrial technology.
The internationally renowned research institution, also known as the Mecca Scientific Research Institute, is a place that scientists and scientists look forward to and pay attention to. These laboratories typically represent the highest level of basic research in the world, producing many Nobel laureates and innovative scientific and technological achievements. These are important opportunities for high-level academic exchanges.
The benefits of the laboratory:
Compared to experiments under natural conditions, laboratory experiments are characterized by strict control of irrelevant variables and planned manipulation of independent variables to observe changes in the dependent variable. Various psychological activities are interrelated and influence each other, leading to and limiting the purchase of psychological activities and complex external conditions.
In order to study certain mental activities, conditions that affect mental activity, especially external stimuli, are controlled in the laboratory to observe and analyze the dependence between changes in mental activity and changes in conditions. I often find some psychological problems. The objective laws of activities.
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